Currency Exchanges (Spufford)

Contains all currency exchange quotations compiled by Peter Spufford and published in his Handbook of Medieval Exchange (London, 1986).

More: About the Currency Exchange (Spufford) Data Set

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Place	Date (start)	Type of Exchange	Currency (From)	Amount (From)	Currency (To)	Amount (To)	Notes	Source
Bologna	1361.12.31	Commercial	Savona, florin of	1	Bologna, soldo of	31.92	47	56
Florence	1374	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	73.33	5	31
Pisa	1357	Manual and other commercial exchange	Florence, florin of	1	Pisa, soldo of	70	25	94
Piedmont	1309	Accounting	Florence, florin of	1	France, tournois, sou of	14	129	110
Siena	1391.03	Commercial	Florence, florin of	1	Siena, soldo of	76.75	28	111
Louvain	1353.09	Accounting	Florence, florin of	1	Brabant, livre payement of	3	191	349
Cyprus	1458	Commercial	Genoa, florin of	1	Cyprus, white besant of	5	266	57
Florence	1486.05.31	Manual	Florence, florin (largo d'oro in oro) of	1	Florence, soldo of	126	19	142
Genoa	1462.08.09	Commercial	Genoa, florin (genovino d'oro) of	1	Genoa, soldo piccolo of	55	70	247
Bohemia	1471	Recalculated	Florence, florin of; or Bohemia, Hungary, or Venice, ducat of	1	Prague, groschen of	28	229	97
Madrid	1461	Commercial	Aragon, florin of	1	Castile, maravedi of	150	106	280
Venice-Florence	1410.03.01	Bill of exchange	Venice, lira di grossi of	1	Florence, lira affiorino of	15.35	54	284
Florence	1419.09.01	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	77.5	8	31
Milan-Geneva	1458.04.29	Bill of exchange	Geneva, mark of ?cus (at 64 to the marc) of	1	Milan, lira imperiale of	241	94	81
Metz	1394	Recalculated	France, franc of	1	Metz, sou of	12	141	445
Bologna	1360.04.01	Commercial	Venice, ducat of	1	Bologna, soldo of	33.67	48	479
Florence	1389.09.01	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	73.72	6	520
Constance	1435.08.13	Official	Rhineland, rheingulden of	1	Constance, schilling of	16	205	266
Pisa	1374.06.13	Manual and other commercial exchange	Florence, florin of	1	Pisa, soldo of	72	25	94
Tours	1317.02.16	Bill of exchange	Florence, florin of	1	France, tournois, sou of	10.5	129	309
Siena	1483	Commercial	Florence, florin of	1	Siena, soldo of	120	28	111
Cairo	1399	Official	Egypt, dinar of	1	Egypt, dirham of	31	267	11
Florence	1491.11.12	Manual	Florence, florin (largo d'oro in oro) of	1	Florence, soldo of	130	19	142
Genoa	1490.06.14	Official	Genoa, florin (genovino d'oro) of	1	Genoa, soldo piccolo of	60	70	381
Low Countries	1466.05	Commercial	Florence, florin of	1	Flanders, groot of	41	181	362
Krumau	1481.05.23	Recalculated	Florence, florin of; or Bohemia, Hungary, or Venice, ducat of	1	Prague, groschen of	58	229	97
Spain	1393.07.21	Commercial	Aragon, florin of	1	Navarre, sueldo of	26	106	421
Aquileia	1441	Commercial	Venice, ducat of	1	Aquileia, lira of	5.2	55	511
Florence	1420.06.01	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	79.33	8	520
Bohemia	1381	Recalculated	Bohemia, ducat of	1	Nuremberg, heller of	252	223	97
Fribourg	1392.11.09	Bill of exchange	Florence, florin of	1	Lausanne, sou of	15	96	4
Toulouse	1424.08.23	Official	France, ?cu ? la couronne of	1	France, tournois, sou of	22.5	143	509
Bologna	1361.03.15	Commercial	Venice, ducat of	1	Bologna, soldo of	33.33	48	479
Florence	1391.01.02	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	76	7	520
Rothenburg	1386	Recalculated	Rhineland, rheingulden of	1	Prague, groschen of	18	205	97
Pisa	1438.05.31	Manual	Florence, florin (largo) of	1	Pisa, soldo of	90	25	94
Burgundy	1322.01.11	Commercial	Florence, florin of	1	France, tournois, sou of	17.33	129	200
Perugia	1282	Accounting	Florence, florin of	1	Perugia, soldo of	44.92	30	390
Cairo	1399	Official	Venice, ducat of	1	Egypt, dirham of	25	267	11
Florence	1499.10.13	Manual	Florence, florin (largo d'oro in oro) of	1	Florence, soldo of	136	19	142
Bruges-Venice	1389.02.22	Bill of exchange	Venice, ducat of	1	Flanders, groot of	42.42	182	138
Bohemia	1381	Recalculated	Prague, groschen of	1	Nuremberg, heller of	14	229	97
Florence	1421.06.02	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	80.5	9	31
Mainz	1306	Accounting	South Germany region, pfund of heller, of	1	Cologne, schilling pagament of	6.67	222	242
Fribourg	1412	Accounting	Florence, florin of	1	Lausanne, sou of	14	96	352
Bologna	1363.03.31	Commercial	Venice, ducat of	1	Bologna, soldo of	33.75	48	56
Florence	1392.05.02	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	Florence, soldo of	75.17	7	520
Prague	1471	Accounting	Rhineland, rheingulden of	1	Prague, groschen of	24.8	205	239
Curia	1331	Manual	Florence, florin of	1	France, tournois, sou of	27	129	439
Perugia	1365	Accounting	Florence, florin of	1	Perugia, soldo of	84.25	30	390

Aachen
Abydos (Dardanelles)
Achaia
Acre
Acre-Sicily
Adrianople
Agen
Agrigento-Genoa
Aigues-Mortes
Aire
Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence-Curia
Alaya
Alexandria
Alghero
Alsace
Anjou
Antwerp
Antwerp (uncertain)
Antwerp-Rome
Aquileia
Aquitaine
Aragon
Arles
Armagh
Arras
Arta
Artois?
Asseburg
Asti
Augsburg
Austria
Auvergne
Auxerre
Avigliana
Avignon
Avignon-Barcelona
Avignon-Bruges
Avignon-Florence
Avignon-Montpellier
Bamberg
Bar
Bar-Marseilles
Barbary
Barcelona
Barcelona (uncertain)
Barcelona-Avignon
Barcelona-Curia
Barcelona-Venice
Basle
Basle, Strassbourg, Cologne
Bavaria
Beaune
Beauvais
Beirut
Benevento
Bergamo
Bern
Besan?on
Bielefeld
Bilbao
Blois
Bohemia
Bologna
Bologna (uncertain)
Bordeaux
Bordeaux (archbishop)
Borglum
Bosnia
Bougie
Bougie-Ceuta
Boulogne
Bourgdieu
Bourges
Br?nn
Brabant
Brabant-Hainault
Brakel
Brechin
Bremen
Brescia
Brittany
Bruges
Bruges-Avignon
Bruges-Genoa
Bruges-Rome
Bruges-Venice
Brusa
Brussels
Brux
Buren
Burgos
Burgundy
C?teaux
Cadajoue
Caffa
Caffa (uncertain)
Caffa-Genoa
Caffa-Pera
Cagliari
Cairo
Calais
Cambrai
Cambrai-Curia
Campania
Carcassonne
Carpentras
Castelli
Castello Venezia
Castile
Catalonia
Ceuta
Chalmazel (Forez)
Champagne
Champagne-Florence
Champagne-Venice
Chartres
Chateauroux
Chillon
Chios
Chios (uncertain)
Civitavecchia
Cologne
Cologne-Trier
Constance
Constantinople
Constantinople-Anatolia
Constantinople-Crete or Venice
Constantinople-Genoa
Constantinople-Venice
Corfu
Coron
Corvey
Cremona
Cremona (uncertain)
Crete
Curia
Curia (uncertain)
Cyprus
Damascus
Dansweiler
Danzig
Dauphine
Delft
Denmark
Detmold
Deventer
Diano
Dieppe
Dijon
Doberan
Dombes
Dortmund
Douai
Dublin
Eger
Egypt
Ehrbach im Rheingau
Eichstatt-Curia
Empire
Empoli
England
England (uncertain)
England-Curia
Epiros
Everstein
Exeter
Famagusta
Ferrara
Flanders
Florence
Florence-Avignon
Florence-Frankfurt am Main
Forcalquier
Forez
France
Franconia
Frankfurt am Main
Freiberg
Frejus
Frejus-Sisteron
Fribourg
Frickgau
Gaeta
Gallura
Gascony
Geneva
Genoa
Genoa (uncertain)
Genoa-Alexandria
Genoa-Bar
Genoa-Bougie
Genoa-Bruges
Genoa-Chios
Genoa-Constantinople
Genoa-Finali
Genoa-Foggia
Genoa-Palermo
Genoa-Pera
Genoa-Romania
Genoa-Syria
Germany
Glatz
Gorlitz
Greater Syria
Grenoble
Groningen
Hague
Hainault
Hamburg
Hameln
Hanse
Harfleur
Herford
Hessen
Holland
Hostinne
Hungary
Ireland
Isle-en-Venaissin
Italy
Jaca
Jerusalem
Juchen
Jutland
Kalundborg
Karlstein
Krakow
Krumau
Kutna Hora
L?beck
La Castella
Lagny
Lagny (fair)
Lagny-Genoa
Languedoc
Lausanne
Lemgo
Leon
Lerici
Levant
Li?ge
Lippe
Livorno
Lombardy
London
London and Paris
London-Curia
London-Florence
London-Genoa
London-Sicily
London-Venice
Louny
Louvain
Low Countries
Lower Rhine
Lucca
Lund
Lw?w
Lyons
Madrid
Mainz
Majorca
Majorca (uncertain)
Majorca-Genoa
Malaga
Malines
Mantua
Mantua (uncertain)
Marburg
Marburg (uncertain)
Marienburg
Marsberg
Marseilles
Marseilles-Acre
Marseilles-Aigues-Mortes
Marseilles-Bar
Marseilles-Finali
Marseilles-Genoa
Marseilles-Messina
Marseilles-Naples or Gaeta (uncertain)
Marseilles-Pisa
Marseilles-Pisa or San Gimignano
Marseilles-Pisa or Volterra
Marseilles-Provins
Marseilles-San Gimigniano
Marseilles-Sardinia
Marseilles-Sicily
Marseilles-Troyes
Marseilles-Varaginem
Meaux
Meissen
Messina
Messina-Genoa
Messina-Marseilles
Messina-Palermo
Metz
Middleburg
Midi
Milan
Milan (uncertain)
Milan-Geneva
Millau
Minden
Modon
Modon-Venice
Moissac
Mons
Montauban
Montbrison
Montpellier
Montpellier-Avignon
Montpellier-Provins
Moret et Samois
Morocco
Moulins
Munich
Murcia
Najac (Aveyron)
Naples
Naples-Barcelona
Naples-Sicily
Narbonne
Nassau
Nauplia
Navarre
Negroponte
Nevers
Nimes
Noceto
Normandy
Novo Brodo
Noyon
Nuremberg
Nuremberg-Venice
Obernkirchen im Schaumburg
Olmutz
Orient
Orleans
Orte
Orvieto
Otranto
Ottoman empire
Outremer
Pacy-sur-Eure
Paderborn
Padua
Palermo
Palermo (uncertain)
Palermo-Messina
Paris
Paris (Tresor)
Paris-Curia
Paris-Genoa
Parma
Pavia
Paximadhia (uncertain)
Pays de Vaud
Pera
Pera (uncertain)
Pera-Constantinople
Pera-Genoa
Perigueux
Perpignan
Perugia
Pesaro
Piacenza
Piedmont
Piombino
Piotrkow
Pisa
Pisa-Paris
Pisa-Venice
Pistoia
Plock (Mazovia)
Poitiers
Poland
Poland (uncertain)
Polna
Pont-a-Mousson
Pont-de-Sorgues
Porto
Portugal
Prague
Preaux
Provence
Provins
Provins (fair)
Provins-Marseilles
Prussia
Puget, near La Verdiere
Ragusa
Rakovnik
Ravenna
Regensburg
Reggio
Reval
Rheims
Rhineland
Rhodes
Rietberg
Riga
Romania
Romans
Rome
Rome (uncertain)
Rostock
Rothenburg
Rouen
Saint-Jacques d'Arnay
Salerno
Saliet
Salonica
Salzburg
San Lucido
Sanok (Little Poland)
Saragossa
Sardinia
Sardinia (uncertain)
Sarria
Sassari
Saxony
Schleswig
Schonen
Schwerin
Scotland
Senlis
Sens
Serbia
Serres
Seville
Seville-Alexandria
Sicily
Sicily (uncertain)
Sicily-Genoa
Sicily-Outremer
Siegen
Siegen in Siegerland
Siena
Siena-Marseilles
Silesia
Slany
South Germany
Southern France
Spain
Spezia
Spoleto
St. Albans
St. Brice en Cogl?s (Ille-et-Vilaine)
St. Chamond
St. Macaire
St. Trond
St. Waudru
Stockholm
Stralsund
Strassburg
Syria
Tarascon
Th?rouanne
Tlemcen
Toledo
Torcello
Torun
Toulouse
Tournai
Tournai-Curia
Tours
Trebon
Trentino
Trier
Tripoli
Tropea
Troyes
Troyes (fair)
Troyes-Arras
Troyes-Genoa
Troyes-Siena
Troyes?
Trujillo
Tunis
Tunisia
Tuscany
Utrecht
Valencia
Valencia (uncertain)
Valencia-Almeria
Valladolid
Veltin
Venaissin
Venice
Venice (uncertain)
Venice-Alexandria
Venice-Constantinople
Venice-Coron
Venice-Crete
Venice-Florence
Venice-Romania or Alexandria
Venice-Trento
Vermandois
Verona
Verona (and Vicenza)
Verona (uncertain)
Vienna
Violay
Viterbo
Vostitsa
Western Mediterranean
Westphalia
Wetterau
Worms
Wurzburg
York
Ypres
Yverdon
Z?rich
Zante
Zeeland
Zittau
Znaim
Zutphen
Zvikov

Acre, 'outremer' besant of
Acre, besant of
Acre, saracen besant of
Alexandria, besant of
Alexandria, gold besant of
Alexandria, old gold besant of
Anjou, livre of
Aragon, florin of
Aragon, libra iaccensis of
Armenia, besant of
Barbary region, besant of millarenses (ad pondus maiorica)of
Barbary region, besant of millarenses of
Barbary region, besant of silver (10 millarenses) of
Barbary region, dobla (double dinar) of
Barbary region, massamutino (double gold) of
Barbary region, uncia of paiola gold (20.5 carat) of
Barbary region, uncia of paiola gold (21 carat) of
Barbary region, uncia of paiola gold (fineness unspecified) of
Barcelona, libra of
Beauvais, livre of
Bern (perhaps), florin of
Besant (unspecified)
Besant (unspecified), old
Bohemia, ducat of
Bologna, florin (bolognino d'oro) of
Bologna, lira of
Brabant, sou of
Brescia, lira imperiale of
Byzantium, hyperpyron of
Caffa, sommo of
Castile, Almoravid gold morabetino of
Castile, dobla castellana of
Castile, dobla cruzada of
Castile, dobla de la banda of
Castile, dobla of
Castile, gold morabetino of
Castile, real de plata of
Chios, ducat (largo) of
Chios, ducat of
Chios, florin (account) of
Cologne, mark (of 12s.) of
Cologne, pfennig of
Constance, pfund of pfennige of
Cyprus, saracen besant of
Cyprus, white besant of
Dauphin?, florin (parvi ponderis) of
Denmark, mark (of copper pence) of
Denmark, mark (of Danish pfennige) of
Denmark, mark (Ribe mark) of
Denmark, mark of
Dijon, livre of
Ducat (unspecified)
Egypt, besant of
Egypt, dinar (ashrafi) of
Egypt, dinar of
Egypt, dirham of
Egypt, gold dinar of
England, pound sterling (new) of
England, pound sterling (old) of
England, pound sterling of
Flanders, groot of
Flanders, livre of
Flanders, pond groot of
Florence, florin (di suggello) of
Florence, florin (largo d'oro in oro) of
Florence, florin (largo) of
Florence, florin of
Florence, florin of; or Bohemia, Hungary, or Venice, ducat of
Florence, florin of; or Hungary, ducat of
Florence, grosso guelfo of
France, ?cu (old) of
France, ?cu ? la couronne (neuf) of
France, ?cu ? la couronne (vieux) of
France, ?cu ? la couronne of
France, ?cu au soleil of
France, ?cu of Philip VI of
France, Charles V franc of
France, escu de pays de franc of
France, escu de pays of
France, franc ? cheval of
France, franc ? pied of
France, franc of
France, gold ?cu (chaise ? l'?cu) of
France, parisis, livre of
France, tournois, gros (old) of
France, tournois, gros of
France, tournois, gros of St. Louis of
France, tournois, livre of
Freisach, pfennig of
Geneva, ?cu of
Geneva, mark of ?cus (at 64 to the marc) of
Genoa or Florence, florin of
Genoa, florin (genovino d'oro) of
Genoa, florin (genovino) of
Genoa, florin of
Genoa, genovino of 25s. of
Genoa, lira of
Gien, livre of
Granada, dobla morisca of
Granada, dobla vieja of
Holland, sou of
Hungary or Bohemia, ducat of
Hungary, denar of
Hungary, ducat of
L?beck, florin (gulden) of
L?beck, mark of pfennige (16s.) of
Li?ge, florin of (?)
Li?ge, livre of
Lucca, lira of
Marseilles, mixed money, livre of
Meaux, livre of
Mecklenburg, wendish mark of
Mesembrie, hyperpyron of
Milan (probable), lira imperiale of
Milan, lira imperiale of
Naples, carlino of
Naples, ducat of 10 carlini of
Naples, gold ducat of
Naples, uncia (60 carlini) of
Navarre, libra of sanchetes of
Papacy, cameral florin of
Papacy, curial florin of
Papacy, florin of 12 gros (fiorino pitteto) of
Papacy, florin sentencie of
Papacy, franc of
Papacy, lira of
Pavia, lira of
Perpignan and Aragon, florin of
Pisa, aquilino (grosso novo) of
Pisa, aquilino (grosso) of
Pisa, lira aquilina (i.e. 20 grossi aquilini) of
Prague, groschen of
Provence (Marquisate of), livre raymondin of
Provence, florin of
Provence, royal coronat, livre of
Provins, livre of
Regensburg, pfennig of
Rhineland, kopmansgulden of
Rhineland, rheingulden (new) of
Rhineland, rheingulden (ponderosus) of
Rhineland, rheingulden of
Rhineland, weisspfennig or albus of
Rhodes, ducat of
Riga, mark of pfennige of
Rome, provisino del Senato, lira of
Rostock, mark of
Rouen, livre of
Sardinia, libra alfonsina of
Sardinia, silver alfonsino (reyal major) of
Savona, florin of
Savoy, ducat of
Savoy, gros of
Sicily, florin (6 tari) of
Sicily, uncia (30 tari) of
Siena, lira of
South Germany region, pfund of heller, of
Stralsund, mark of pfennige (16s) of
Straslund, sundisch mark of
Syria, besant of
Tunis, dinar (obol massamutino) of
Tyrol, kreutzer of
Valencia, libra of
Valencia, libra of dineros reales of
Valosius, livre of
Venaissin, Comtat, sou of paparini of
Venice, ducat (old) of
Venice, ducat of
Venice, grosso of
Venice, Hungary, or Bohemia, ducat of
Venice, lira di grossi (perhaps) of
Venice, lira di grossi of
Venice, lira piccolo of
Verona, lira of
Vienne, livre of

Aachen, mark pagament of
Aachen, schilling pagament of
Agen, sou of
Alexandria, carat of
Amberg, pfennig of
Ancona, grosso of
Ancona, soldo of
Anjou, sou of
Antwerp, sou of
Aquileia, lira of
Aragon, ducado d'oro of
Aragon, sueldo iaccensis of
Armenia, besant of
Artois, denier of
Artois, sou of
Asti, denaro of
Asti, grosso of
Asti, soldo of
Augsburg, pfennig of
Augsburg, schilling of
Auxerre, sou of
Avignon, sou of
Barbary region, besant of millarenses of
Barcelona, sueldo 'de terno' of
Barcelona, sueldo of
Basle, money current of
Basle, schilling of
Beauvais, sou of
Bergamo, soldo imperiale of
Bern, schilling (haller) of
Bern, schilling (st?bler current) of
Besan?on, denier estevenante of
Besan?on, sou estevenante of
Besant (unspecified)
Bielefeld, Herford and Lemgo, schilling of
Bigorre, livre chapotensis of
Bigorre, sou chapotensis of
Black Sea region, asper (baricato) of
Black Sea region, asper of
Black Sea, silver asper of
Blois, sou of
Bologna, grosso of
Bologna, soldo of
Bordeaux, sou bordelais or burdagalensis of
Bordeaux, sou bordelais or burdagalensis, bonne, of
Bordeaux, sou bordelais or burdagalensis, debilium, of
Bordeaux, sou bordelais or burdagalensis, nouveau, of
Bordeaux, sou bordelais or burdagalensis, petite, of
Brabant, denier of
Brabant, denier payement of
Brabant, groot (new) of
Brabant, groot (old) of
Brabant, groot of
Brabant, groot, schellingen of
Brabant, livre payement of
Brabant, money groot of
Brakel (Westphalia), schilling pagament of
Bremen, grote of
Brescia, soldo of
Breton, sou of
Bulgaria, silver ducat (monete Burgarie) of
Byzantium, hyperpyron of
Cagliari, money of
Cahors, sou caorcin or caturcensis of
Castile, maravedi (de moneda vieja) of
Castile, maravedi (de moneda vieja, i.e. pre-inflation of later 1380s) of
Castile, maravedi (de novene) of
Castile, maravedi (moneda nueva) of
Castile, maravedi (old) of
Castile, maravedi of
Castile, sueldo (moneda nueva blanca alfonsa) of
Castile, sueldo (moneda nueva) of
Castile, sueldo (noveno alfonsino or cornado noveno) of
Castile, sueldo (pepione) of
Castile, sueldo (prieto negro) of
Castile, sueldo (segundo prieto negro) of
Castile, sueldo blanco of
Castile, sueldo burgalensis of
Castile, sueldo of
Chalon-sur-Marne, sou of
Champagne, sou provinois of
Chartres, sou of
Chiarenza, soldo of
Chios, hyperpyron (perper) of
Chios, zigliato
Chios, zigliato (good) of
Clermont, sou of
Cologne, mark (of 12s.) of
Cologne, schilling of
Cologne, schilling pagament (new money) of
Cologne, schilling pagament of
Cologne, weisspfennig pagament of
Constance, schilling of
Cortona, denaro of
Cortona, soldo of
Cremona, soldo of
Cyprus, white besant (old) of
Cyprus, white besant of
Dauphin?, sou of
Denmark, mark of
Denmark, schilling of
Deventer, kromstaarten of
Deventer, plak of
Deventer, stuiver of
Dijon, denier of
Dijon, sou of
Dortmund, schilling of
Dreux, sou of
Egypt, dirham of
Egypt, fulu of
Egypt, trade (copper) dirham of
England, pence sterling of
England, shilling sterling (new) of
England, shilling sterling of
Epiros, hyperpyron of
Ferrara, soldo of
Flanders, groot (new) of
Flanders, groot (old) of
Flanders, groot of
Flanders, parisis, current money of
Flanders, sou of
Florence, denaro of
Florence, florin of
Florence, grosso guelfo of
Florence, lira affiorino of
Florence, soldo (moneta nuova) of
Florence, soldo affiorino of
Florence, soldo of
Florence, soldo of, when payment made in grosso d'argento
France, moneta Francia of (possibly = sou and denier tournois)
France, parisis (in minuta moneta debili), sou of
France, parisis (weak money), denier of
France, parisis, denier of
France, parisis, sou of
France, tournois (70 to mark), sou of
France, tournois (72 to mark), sou of
France, tournois (bone monete Francie), sou of
France, tournois (minuta moneta debili currenti), sou of
France, tournois (monete Francie debilis), sou of
France, tournois (monete Francie), sou of
France, tournois (turonensis parvorum), sou of
France, tournois, denier of
France, tournois, gros of
France, tournois, sou of
Franconia, pfennig (konvention) of
Franconia, pfennig (new Frankish) of
Franconia, pfennig (new) of
Franconia, pfennig (old Frankish) of
Franconia, pfennig of
Fribourg, lausannois petit, denier of
Fribourg, lausannois petit, sol of
Gelderland, butken of
Gelderland, stuiver of
Geneva, sou of
Genoa, lira of
Genoa, soldo of
Genoa, soldo piccolo of
Groningen, schellingen of
Guincamp, sou of
H?xter, money of
Hainault, tournois, denier of
Hainault, tournois, sou of
Hamburg, money of
Hamburg, schilling of
Hameln, schilling of
Hanover, schilling of
Holland, groot of
Holland, ponden of
Hungary, denar of
Hungary, ducat of
Huy, tournois, sou of
Ireland, shilling of
Konya, silver asper of
L?beck, mark of
L?beck, money (bono concavo) of
L?beck, money (bono Lybicense) of
L?beck, money (gode Lybeske) of
L?beck, money (Lybisher) of
L?beck, pfennig of
L?beck, schilling of
Lausanne, denier of
Lausanne, sol petit of
Lausanne, sou of
Leon, sueldo of
Li?ge, denier of
Li?ge, florin (and aidant) of
Li?ge, sou of
Li?ge, tournois (petit del commun payement) of
Li?ge, tournois of
Louvain, sou (parvorum) of
Louvain, sou of
Lucca, denaro of
Lucca, lira of
Lucca, soldo (new money) of
Lucca, soldo (old money) of
Lucca, soldo of
Lyons, sou (new) of
Lyons, sou of
Maine, sou of
Majorca, sueldo of
Majorca, sueldo reale of
Mantua, soldo of
Marburg, schilling of
Marsberg (Westphalia), schilling pagament of
Marseilles, mixed money of
Marseilles, mixed money, sou of
Meaux, sou of
Meissen, groschen of
Melgueil, sou melgorian of
Mesembrie, silver ducat of
Metz, sou of
Milan, lira imperiale of
Milan, money of
Milan, new money of
Milan, soldo imperiale of
Minden, schilling of
Munich, pfennig of
Nantes, sou of
Naples, carlino of
Naples, silver carlino of
Narbonne, sou of
Navarre, sueldo carline of
Navarre, sueldo of
Nice, soldo of
Noyon, sou of
Nuremberg, heller of
Osnabruck (Westphalia), schilling pagament of
Overijssel, stichtse stuiver of
Paderborn and Soest (Westphalia), schilling pagament of
Papacy, cameral florin, sou of
Papacy, new silver clementino of
Papacy, silver paparino of
Papacy, soldo bolognino of
Papacy, soldo of
Papacy, sou of
Pavia, soldo (new money) of
Pavia, soldo (old money) of
Pavia, soldo of
Perigord, sou of
Perugia, soldo of
Piacenza, soldo of
Pisa, denaro of
Pisa, soldo (old money) of
Pisa, soldo aquilino of
Pisa, soldo of
Poitou, sou poitevin or pictavensis of
Poland, grosz of
Portugal, reis of
Portugal, soldo of
Prague, groschen of
Provence, Gros of Robert, king of Naples, of
Provence, money of
Provence, parva moneta of
Provence, royal coronat reforciat, sou of
Provence, royal coronat, sou of
Provence, sou raymondin of
Provence, tournois, denier of
Provence, tournois, sou of
Provins, sou of
Prussia, schilling of
Prussia, sk?ter of
Ragusa, hyperpyron of
Ravenna, denaro of
Ravenna, soldo of
Regensburg, pfennig of
Rhineland, rheingulden of
Rhineland, weisspfennig of
Riga, mark of
Riga, schilling of
Rodez, sou of
Rome, denaro provisino of
Rome, grosso of
Rome, soldo provisino of
Rouen, sou of
Sardinia, alfonsino (menut), dinero of
Sardinia, alfonsino (menut), sueldo of
Sardinia, alfonsino blanco of
Sardinia, alfonsino, sueldo of
Savoy, gros (of Geneva) of
Savoy, gros of
Saxony, pfennig of
Scotland, merk of
Scotland, shilling of
Scotland, shilling sterling of
Sicily, taro of
Siena, denaro of
Siena, soldo (old money) of
Siena, soldo (senese bono) of
Siena, soldo of
South Germany region, heller (new) of
South Germany region, heller of
South Germany region, schilling (heller) of
Srassburg, schilling of
St. Troud, sou of
Sterling (unspecified)
Stralsund, mark of pfennige (16s.) of
Toulouse, sou of
Tournai, sou of
Tours, sou of
Trier, schilling of
Tunis, besant (of millarenses) of
Tunis, besant of
Turkey, asper (and tornesello) of
Tyrol, kreutzer of
Utrecht, schilling of
Utrecht, stuiver (moneta gravis) of
Utrecht, stuiver of
Utrecht, witten (albus) of
Valencia, sueldo of
Valencia, sueldo reale of
Valenciennes, denier of
Valosius, sou of
Venaissin, Comtat (?), gros of
Venaissin, Comtat, clementino parvo of
Venaissin, Comtat, iohanneto current of
Venaissin, Comtat, money of
Venaissin, Comtat, papale of
Venetian colonies, tornesello, soldo of 4 torneselli of
Venice, denaro piccolo of
Venice, ducat of
Venice, grosso novo of
Venice, grosso of
Venice, lira piccolo of
Venice, soldo (old money, piccolo) of
Venice, soldo a grosso of
Venice, soldo of
Venice, soldo piccolo of
Vermandois, sou of
Verona, denaro piccolo of
Verona, lira of
Verona, mediatino (half-grosso) of
Verona, soldo of
Vienna, pfennig of
Vienne, denier of
Vienne, sou of
Volterra, soldo of
Westphalia, schilling pagament of
Z?rich, schilling (heller) of
Z?rich, schilling of

(Uncertain)
Accounting
Accounting (recalculated)
Accounting for rents received
Accounting for rents received involving a loan element
Accounting involving a loan element
Bill of exchange
Bill of exchange (recalculated)
Bill of exchange (uncertain)
Bill of exchange involving a loan element
Cambium Maritimum
Commercial
Commercial (recalculated)
Commercial (uncertain)
Commerical
Historical reconstruction
Loan
Manual
Manual (uncertain)
Manual and other commercial exchange
Manual exchange involving loan element
Manual exchange, perhaps using official rate
Official
Official (bankers)
Official (private)
Official (recalculated)
Official (uncertain)
Official rate used for manual exchange
Re-exchange
Recalculated
Uncertain
Unknown
Wage accounting
Wage and other accounting
Wage and rent accounting
Wage, loan and rent accounting